Internal Rate of Return

Many companies wants to have a return on their Investment In a few years and begin to evaluate their projects optimistically calculating an Internal rate of real return not yielding results In the end. This does not end up being expected by the companies; According to the article the authors John C. Keller and Justine J. McCormick . They suggest that there is a tendency to a risky behavior, Companies started to run the risk of creating unrealistic numbers for themselves and shareholder expectations, which it could confuse communications with investors and inflating managerial rewards.This confronts us with a real and serious problem when it comes to investing in projects because later we can not generate the expected return and risk of failure in the project, the AIR can generate two different values for the same project when future cash flows switch from negative to positive (or positive to negative). In addition, since the AIR Is expressed as a percentage, and This can make small p rojects appear more attractive than large , although large projects with lower AIR may be more attractive as NP of smaller projects with AIR .The management of the AIR must be just when the project generates no Interim cash flows – or when those Interim cash flows really can be invested in real AIR otherwise would not be realistically analyzing the viability of the project, and this is not what you want if you really are expecting to thrive in a project, The best you can do is to get real results that can assess the potential risks of the investment and the real return of the project.Among its disadvantages we can find that requires finally are compared with an opportunity cost of capital to determine the decision on the project. That project in which the internal rate of return, we will accept it greater than the discount rate investor (relevant Interest rate), the AIR criterion is not reliable to compare projects and only tells us whether a project Is better than the altern ative profitability. The AIR , only evaluates local Impacts that do not necessarily Impact the company as a whole system , which alms to make more money.The AIR Is Important to calculate the profitability of resources. The VPN allows feasibility analysis, when this indicator is positive projects are attractive and allows optimizing resources when the project has a higher NP than others. The AIR, only evaluates the feasibility, when this is greater than the rate of chance, but definitely does not optimizing resources. When you are evaluating projects for enterprise systems for profit, the criterion to be used, is the VPN.In non-profit companies, the appropriate criterion may be the AIR , because it allows to identify the financial feasibility and optimization of resources, meets the criteria or indicators of social evaluation, where the owner of the project, the population Is required greatest need and urgency. Taking Into account the point of views of the authors we have to mention something Important, and that Is when the cost of capital Is used, the true annual equivalent yield of a project can be significantly reduced – again , especially with projects they reported high Minimal IRS .When executives review projects with IRS that are close to cost of capital of a are not particularly real because the rate distortion reinvestment is more noticeable precisely when managers tend to think that their projects are more attractive. In conclusion, the simplest way to avoid problems with the AIR , is not use it to calculate profitability of projects because we do not want to invest on wrong assumptions , no tater whatever it's used to review projects , it is important that projects are based on real and figures close to the company objectives.This is important to achieve the desired performance as stakes and risk capital investment, An option can be for small projects because it is the most practical thing to do, but for big projects it is recommended not to f all into this kind of assumptions not realistic to avoid disappointment , you must learn to avoid the risk and not be tempted by fast optimistic estimates or investment returns that does not show us the big picture , Executives should use at least a modified internal rate of return.It is better if they use MIR to calculate the profitability because It allows users to set rates more realistic interim reinvestment and therefore to calculate a true annual equivalent yield, Other aspect to consider is whether the internal rate of return is greater than the discount rate, the project should be accepted as a higher yield that estimated the minimum required, but you can do this Just when the net cash flows are reinvested. You should think, if the internal rate of return is less than the discount rate, the project should be rejected because lower yield estimates is the minimum required.

Interests, issues, and psychological distance in integrative negotiation Essay

Integrative negotiation Introduction                   Giacomantonio, De Dreu, & Mannetti, (2010) argues that integrative negotiation is likely to reduce occurrence of future conflicts, result in acceptable agreements, and maintain the feelings of self-efficacy. The study used experimental design to evaluate the process and importance of integrative negotiations in conflict resolution. The evaluation was done based on the underlying interests (primary focus) and underlying issues (secondary focus). Primary focus was said to be the main considerations in integrative negations. Many negotiations fail to address the underlying interests and concentrate on issues and thus they end not getting a long-term solution. The authors argue that low psychological distance play an important part in constructive integrative negotiation as opposed to long distance.                   According to the study, integrative approach ensures that the warring parties are involved in negotiations and they achieve aspirations rather than fifty-fifty compromise. Many research carried out on integrative negotiations reveals that they end result is a win-win situation without compromising on any issue or need. In addition, the design of integrative negotiation involves considerations of the underlying issues in order to address the conflict effectively. The integration allow cooperation during conflict resolution process and ensure that no issues that are left unattended. Since all the issues are addressed during the initial conflict resolution, the probability of future conflicts is reduced significantly.                   According to the study, debriefing of the negotiators prior to the negotiation process helps the development of integrative negotiation. The process is enhanced from the fact that the negotiators familiarise with the situations and understand the priorities and preferences of their subjects. According to the authors, integrative negotiations are effective when negotiations involve on conflicting group members. When negotiation includes out-group people, there is high likely hood of disruptive and hurting negotiations rather than cooperative solution, which is the major factor in integrative negotiations. References Giacomantonio, M., De Dreu, C. W., & Mannetti, L. (2010). Now you see it, now you don’t: interests, issues, and psychological distance in integrative negotiation.  Journal of Personality & Social Psychology,  98(5), 761-774 http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/614552589/fulltextPDF/EAB7338B11CA4437PQ/1?accountid=35812http://dip38.psi.uniroma1.it/servizi/dppss2012/sites/default/files/giacomantonio_et_al._2010_jpsp.pdf Source document

Gun Control Argumentative Essay

I stumbled over an argumentative article that at first, I did not understand completely. After doing a little research over the topic the author was discussing I quickly connected to his concern for her current children, as well as other children nationwide. What I learnt during my research is about the â€Å"Common Core Standards† that hundreds of thousands of schools follow and teach each year. She set her tone early in the paper so the reader could get an emotional stance on her position. Most common to side with the â€Å"non-common core standard† group is the mothers and fathers of children that are enrolled in many different schools. Whether it’s public or private, and religious or non-religious; each following one of the two choices they have. They can teach the Common Core Standards, or have a choice of what they believe each child will be able to keep up with. Each and every child is different, none are exactly the same. In saying that there is no possible way that the common core is an effective and well established standard for schools to follow. What one child can grasp easily and quickly may take another child longer and need another method of learning and studying in order to be as well knowledgeable as the first student. Others believe that the Common Core Standards are needed for schools to teach ids what they will need to be successful in their future. They see each child as someone that can study and try harder if they are not caught up with the other children, for they are all alike in their learning ways and don’t need special care when learning complicated material. As I see it, when they see a child that struggles in school should try harder or else they will fail, and that’s the end of it. No help to the struggling student or help towards the student that they should want to succeed and thrive in their future. She starts her opinion with a real-life experience that many can relate to. Whether its parents or grandparents they have tried their hardest to give their children what they thought was best. She tells us about how she has sent her 2 daughters through many schools, that have failed to provide her  daughters with the education she believed was right. They (the school) believed that every student was able to learn and act upon that learning in the same ways. She searched and searched through religious schools, private schools, and public schools; until she found one that believed in the power of the student. They moved from the east coast to Colorado where her daughters were enrolled in a school that allowed the girls to escape the corrupted, dumbed-down curriculum of an overpriced private girls’ school. She uses some examples of mothers that have started home-schooling their children for the sole purpose to get away from the Common core standard, they believe that they will be able to teach their children better than any teacher or school can because they can teach at the pace of the child. Therefore, the children learn in a way that is better for them and will expand the knowledge that they gain throughout their school years. She uses quotes from a mother that is also in her shoes to prove to people that this is a concern that has spread throughout our nation and is making parent take action to change the problem our children face every day Michelle states that â€Å"We were blessed to find a community of parents and public school educators in Colorado Springs who embrace high standards, academic excellence and strong character education for students of every race, creed and class,† she uses words and examples that are easy to understand and comprehend to even the simplest o f minds. All in all Michelle used real-life situations that weren’t only easy to relate to, but also to show her point of view easily and clearly. Imagine what the world would be like if everyone were to respond to the message Michelle is sending to us. Teachers would base their lesson plans on each individual student, pushing for that student to thrive in their studies and achieve what they know they can do. To plan studies that would work best with the students learning abilities. The school would look at the student as an individual, not as the whole student body as the same person. They would stray from thinking that no one is different from another on their learning abilities. Race, ethnicity and social status would not play a part in the education or outcome of each student’s achievements within the school. If no one pays attention to the message Michelle is sending to schools, teachers, and parents around our country; nothing will change. The education of our children, grandchildren, and great great grandchildren will struggle to  learn the material our government thinks they need to know, and learn how they think every student can learn. Our government controls many aspects of our live and environment, why let they control the way we learn and what we learn. They don’t know each individual personally, they have no knowledge on our learning abilities and the struggles we will face with learning certain material throughout our school years. Our educational departments in our nation will only decrease throughout the year if nothing is changed about our educational aspects in children’s lives. Michele did an excellent job on drawing the reader in with a personal story, kudos on the ethos. She wanted people to feel the pain her and her daughters felt throughout their years in school. Struggling with the materials because their teachers neglected to teach in a way that would be more suitable to their learning abilities, which would lead to higher test scores and higher colleges. Her tone, I believe, was perfectly out into this paper. Not to forward to the reader but was easily established in the paper so the reader could identify which side you were defending and the points you would be making throughout the paper. I think that her personal experiences, knowledge, and research are what made her opinion convincing. Knowing that she knew what she was talking about and could answer questions on this topic if need be was very reassuring that she knew her topic well enough to write an opinionated paper in a way to sway even the toughest cookie to her side.

Kodak and fujifilm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kodak and fujifilm - Essay Example This did not last for long, as later in 1990s, the company started to experience financial strains as a result of decline in sales of photographic film (Garcia, 2004). This decline in Eastman photographic film sales was also enhanced by it slowness in shifting from the analogue to digital photography. Fuji Film Company was started in 1924, with a core purpose of becoming one of the first Japanese producers of photographic film (Hill & Jones, 2010). Ten years after its formation, Fujifilm started to produce x-ray films and motion picture films. Fujifilm is one of the main Japanese famous multinational photography firms with its headquarters in Tokyo, japan.The company deals with the production and sale of color photographic films, medical imaging equipment and materials. Both Kodak Company and Fujifilm Company have much in common. In their early stages the two companies enjoyed huge market share in their local markets, with Kodak almost dominating 90% of the American film market share (Garcia, 2004). Later in the late 90s, both companies saw their traditional business’s rendered obsolete with the changing technology. With Kodak company management failing to respond adequately to the changing technology, Fujifilm has rapidly transformed itself to be a prosperous company with its market capitalization policy. Both Kodak and Fujifilm companies saw the change coming in the Kodak industry. With both management bodies aware of the changing markets, they planned on how to adopt the new innovation in the market. The Fujifilm company management quickly responded to the changing technology by developing various pronged strategy. To adopt the new innovations in the market, the company decided to develop new business lines (Hill & Jones, 2010). On the other hand, in its attempts to perfectly embrace the new innovations in the photography markets, Eastman Kodak management allocated large sum of money on research (Garcia, 2004). But

Peer response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Peer response - Assignment Example As such, the outcome could manifest some commonalities; yet, due to the diversity of people’s traits, personalities, preferences, as well as values and beliefs systems, some of the conceptual frameworks could generate disparate results. For instance, the belief that people get what they deserve could be contested when some factors beyond people’s control could have significantly changed their courses of life. A natural disaster, for instance, could simply wipe out an entire local population, despite the people’s striving to make their lives better. Overall, one share similar contentions that social psychology is an interesting field of study due to the multi-disciplinary endeavors that come into play. As such, people, as a social being, in a natural environment, could only do so much to plan and design their lives, according to factors that are within their control. Yet, we cannot dispute that the external environment poses both opportunities and threats which could be beyond people’s control. As such, our abilities to mitigate risks and develop resiliency assist in putting us back on track and achieving what we have planned in the first place, for personal and professional

This I Believe Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

This I Believe - Assignment Example d to have to exercise a lot just to survive because catching or collecting the meals and then getting them ready to eat, plus taking care of a place of shelter and clothing used to take a lot of effort. Now we can go to the store for all the things we need and it doesn’t take so much effort to walk through the market. In the meantime, our body is still wanting to move and the muscles get stiff and tired when we don’t exercise. When we do exercise, though, the blood vessels open up and more nutrients get to our muscles so that they are not so stiff. The muscles get strong and can help to support our body so that we can do the things we want to do. If we don’t exercise, all the food and things that we put in our bodies just sits there and turns into fat. This is not attractive. We get extra rolls around our waists and our legs get big so that they rub together when we walk. We get extra chins and we don’t move so much because we are so uncomfortable. When people get really fat, they start to look like something else and this is definitely not attractive. We can’t fit into our clothes anymore and the clothes that we can fit into do not look good because they can’t force us into a better shape. Even when the clothes are specially made to ‘control the tummy’ or to shape the leg, they are not comfortable to us and we don’t like to wear them. We may feel like getting sweaty is not attractive, but getting too big is even less attractive. What’s most important about exercise, though, is that it makes us feel better. When our bodies are healthier and work better, we don’t get sick as easy and this helps us to feel better in all things. If we are not very fat, we don’t have a hard time moving around or doing the things that other people are doing and so we feel more like we can join in the fun. We don’t have to look like a movie star to feel like we are attractive if we are ‘in shape’ for our body style and we feel more confident

The Early Renaissance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Early Renaissance - Research Paper Example Renaissance in itself had features that brought up America’s great technological strides and augmented their international trade. The early renaissance scholars were advocates for humanistic studies thus established liberal schools that offered liberal education. History, grammar, philosophy, literature and rhetoric were studied. Most of these areas of study are in the today’s education system. Feltre Vittorino a major scholar considered the ancient Greek ideal which he reintroduced into learning. This education incorporated moral training, physical exercise and nurtured the mind and body. Marsilio Ficino harmonized teachings of Plato on love, mainly the divine love in the Christian thoughts. The early scholars thus have a greater impact on today’s philosophy and humanism. Northern Europe had its own humanism brand during the high renaissance in Italy. This movement conflicted with people in the Roman Church resulting into reformation of the Protestants. Counter- Reformation was launched by the Catholic Church for that matter creating wars politically and religiously. Protestant reforms came about due to corruption and abuses in the church and lay piety which had persisted from the Middle Ages. Such reformists included; Calvin John, Martin Luther and King Henry 8. For example, Luther Martin responsibly advocated that churches should preach in their own language and not the Latin language. This is a feature that is within our today’s local churches. Together with his supporters, they established schools.

Managing Change in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Change in the Workplace - Essay Example It is however important to note that culture is fluid in nature considering the rapid changes organizations are subject to at the global level. Over the period of time, there have been constant changes in the external environment of the organizations making them more vulnerable to change. The debate on whether organizational culture is something organization is or has depends upon how organizations adapt the culture and mold themselves according to the overall given situation. Given the overall complexity of the management of the culture specially the sub-cultures, it is relatively difficult to actually determine as to how organizations should tackle the issue of organizational culture and overall change management.It is however important to note that culture is fluid in nature considering the rapid changes organizations are subject to at the global level. Over the period of time, there have been constant changes in the external environment of the organizations making them more vulne rable to change. The debate on whether organizational culture is something organization is or has depends upon how organizations adapt the culture and mold themselves according to the overall given situation. Given the overall complexity of the management of the culture specially the sub-cultures, it is relatively difficult to actually determine as to how organizations should tackle the issue of organizational culture and overall change management.  

Role of Job Designs in Managing Human Resources Essay

Role of Job Designs in Managing Human Resources - Essay Example From the technological perspective, the workplace is defined through the production processes, which take place in a discrete area of production. Essentially, the hierarchy of managers, supervisors, and workers defines the workplace organizationally. The orientations of workers and managers to the particular area define the social limits of a workplace. Such a definition need not be limited to manufacturing. The workplace can also be a department in a bank or university or a school within an education system. What is important is that the work area is discrete, has some technological or production unity which marks it off from other workplaces, and it is recognized as such by workers and managers. Therefore, it is evident that the field of Human Resource Management has evolved into a strategic, technical, and measurement-oriented area in the past few years. Predictably, this field will continue to grow in sophistication and complexity as a reflection of the world in the 21st century, presenting solutions to difficult dilemmas that could affect the workplace massively. An organization's core values are manifested by its culture; that is, in the basic ways that business is handled, such as how decisions are made and how rewards are distributed. Employees learn these ways of doing business through observing co-workers and leaders. If no expectations are established and effectively communicated, employees will "make it up" as they go along when faced with ethical dilemmas. Thus, management strategies are essential in human resource management, organizational behaviour, or organizational design because it could specify its own model or framework of the key elements. In determining the appropriate job designs for a specific company, all models and theories could be deemed as one consolidated set of behavioural elements. In building the working framework, four elements had been identified to underlie most work behaviour models: 1.) Capability - The skills, knowledge and abilities necessary to execute an action associated with the objectives of the organization. 2.) Opportunity - When individuals are provided or encounter situations in which actions can be executed with the desired effect. 3.) Motivation - The drive to execute those actions, created by a perception that they are linked to desired outcomes and rewards. 4.) Understanding - Knowledge of how an individual's actions affect the system and overall goal achievement. The first three components are derived from a long research tradition suggesting that individual performance is a multiplicative function of ability and motivation (Cummings and Schwab 1973), critiques of the simple model (Campbell and Pritchard 1976) that suggest that the environment determines the expression of ability and motivation (Dachler and Mobley 1973), and recent work suggesting that situational constraints and opportunity (e.g., advances in technology and changes in the political, social, and economic environment) are key to a theory of work performance (Campbell 1999, Howard 1995, Ilgen and Pulakos 1999). The fourth component was incorporated to help describe organizational management and HRM practices. These and other human issues have the potential to "move the needle," that

Use of Disguise in British Literature Essay Example for Free

Use of Disguise in British Literature Essay British literature from the bygone days of Anglo Saxon towards the most confound present era encompasses different periods with its own generation of versatile writers. Anglo-Saxon literature is deemed to be the oldest among the vernacular literatures of modern Europe with the result its relationship with the Latin period was very close. Its life ranged from the 5th century to the Norman Conquest of 1066 with several works of great religious importance and epics to its credit. The literary works of fiction whether ‘Beowulf’ or ‘Life of St Eugenia’ present the literature with the religious fervor but an ample of the privileges of rights and duties cherished by the contemporary society. These thematic elements were sought by its most special features and styles in which they were written but more than that, they were cherished, woven and beautified by the use of disguise for e. g. in the ‘Life of St. Eugenia’, much before violence and act of martyrdom takes place, the saint disguises herself as a man to join Christian missionaries against the wishes of her parents. This male disguise gives protection to the virgin not only from her family but also from everyone who wants to remove her from the monastery and the male monks. As said by Horner, â€Å"The dramatic tensions produced by this disguise once again exemplify the tensions between literal and spiritual reading practices, as the life acts out the struggle between the interiority and exteriority, which is the hallmark of the Elfrics corporeal hermeneutics. † (Horner, 156) Written around 800 C. E, ‘Beowulf’ reveals the tale of King Hrothgar, who has established his own kingdom but is now thwarted by the continuous attacks from the hideous monster Grendel. Grendel, a descendent of the biblical Cain has been unleashing warfare with Hrothgar’s thanes for twelve years, and remains untouched by their appeals to leave them. Soon after words, Beowulf, a warrior from the Geatland kills Grendel and his mother and later a dragon that besieges Beowulf’s home Geatland. In a much profound Grendel, ‘disguise’ is used as a manifestation of the self and character of Grendel who is divided between the two worlds: firstly in the world of poetry and secondly the world of humans, but never is able to devoid himself from his monstrous attitude. When once a Shaper, a poet gives shape to the worldview of Danes with his evocative poetry and music, Grendel gets attracted towards this heroic ode and decides to join humans but is rejected. He feels himself on the verge of solipsism and when Grendel meets the dragon, the hope for attainment of human vision is darkened by his nihilistic affinity. Grendel becomes destroyer and takes to assault, but when he moves towards the end of his life, he has to tackle with the meaning. Hrothgar withstands repeated attacks of Grendel and becomes nobler. In between the two traits of human and beast, Grendel becomes more of a beast, but with a sense of pity towards him as he is himself a tormented soul between his own beastly world and the world of humans who themselves are turned into beasts. Tormented by the human ways, he disguises himself and reaches Herot, which is the golden guest hall, and slaughters thirty men. Similar sorry and pain is witnessed by Queen Wealhtheow who tries to hide her wails in disguise while being a wife of Horthgar. From her heart, she despises Hrothgar yet she disguises herself as dutiful and loyal wife always addressing him as ‘my Lord’. Unferth, who is also a great soldier had killed his brothers years ago but now desperately wants to be a hero and when Grendel knows about it, he teases him by saving him inspite of killing all the other soldiers. Unferth feeling ashamed disguises himself so that he gets killed by the soldiers while fighting along with Grendel. It is a human tendency to hide their wails behind several disguises, wearing a mask of happiness and solitude on their face beckoning this greatest work of epic to reveal this trait of human beings in the portrayal of Grendel, Unferth and Queen Wealhtheow. (Staver, 190) ‘Disguise’ in the variegated forms can be found most profoundly during middle age. Between the years 1340 to 1400 was the period of transition from the medieval showing sparks of modernity yet it was typically medieval people borne with the superstitious and chivalric attitude, religious mind and backwardness. In fact the age of Chaucer was not stagnant: it was inching it way steadily and surely to the dawn of the Renaissance and the reformation. It was an age of restlessness amid the ferment of new life that Chaucer lived and wrote. Old things and new appeared side by side upon his pages and in his poetry, we can study the essential spirit of both the ages, one that was passing, and other that was to come. In this period, on one hand people clutched their traditional ways yet at the same time tried to hold whatever was modern. They wore the mask of modernity yet found incapable to release their traditional ways. (Simpson, 224) ‘Disguise’ in the Chaucer’s ‘Canterbury Tales’ is a means to embody the attitudes of common man as well as knights. ‘Tales of Knight’ shows that to fulfill their desires, knights can go the extreme extent of disguising themselves and enter into their own enemy’s quarters. In one of the tales, two knights are seen fighting over the same woman, which in the end shows how they believe and truly cherishes their chivalric code. Chaucer wanted to show how a knight who ventured into the far away place had an ardent love for chivalry, truth and honor. He wanted to let the other people know what really were honesty, truth, virtue, liberty and courtesy for a knight. The knight proves his point through the story of Arcite and Palamon. From the onset, it appears that they would reveal what exactly the code of chivalry is for them but at many occasions their actions would go against the traditional concept of the chivalric code. Imprisoned behind the bars of King Theseus, they both get attracted by the beauty of Emily, sister-in-law of King Theseus and behind the bars argue with each other to possess this most beautiful woman. But soon they realize it is such an obtrusive act on their part to cry for the woman they cannot even think of attaining, as they have to remain behind bars throughout their lives. After a period, a duke named Perotheus, who is a friend both of Theseus and Arcite petitions for Arcite’s freedom, Theseus agrees to the same yet on the terms that Arcite would be banished forever from Athens. How can he be happy with this new freedom, as he gets jealous of Palamon who despite behind the bars can at least see Emily every day from behind his tower? But Palamon too becomes depressed all the more as now he thinks Arcite would make use of Army to have Emily. Here Arcite does not bring army but using a disguise of a servant returns back to Athens to get closer to Emily. Here the role of disguise comes in. People of that era would disguise themselves to attain whatever they want. Meanwhile Palamon too escapes from the prison and comes to know about Arcite designs, as he hears him singing in the woods in praise of Emily. He comes face to face with Arcite and both ensnare to have a fight. But Theseus intervenes and Palamon tells whole reality to him. Theseus invites both of them on a sportive spree- to fight with each other in front of spectators with equal number of warriors to back them and who so ever is victorious would have Emily’s hand. In the battle, Arcite is able to subdue Palamon but does not kill him, as his chivalric code never permits him to do so. But when Arcite rides towards Theseus to lay claim for Emily’s hand, his own horse throws him off crushing him to death. As he dies, Theseus’ men take Arcite to bed, where doctors make every effort to heal him and on the death bed, he tells Emily what she should do, and he says, â€Å"With my cousin Palamon here I have had strife and rancor for much past time, for the love of you, and for my jealousy†¦. And if you are ever to be a wife, forget not Palamon, the noble man. † (Chaucer Nicolson, 69) In the end, he shows his chivalric code and code of honor to display his love for them. In yet another tale from ‘Canterbury Tales’, ‘disguise’ is used for deception but to reveal values of a wife and her devotion and loyalty towards her husband. Once Marquis of Saluzzo, Italy lured by the beauty and virtue of a poor girl, Griselde, marries her, but with a condition she would always obey him and do whatever he asks her to do. When their first child is borne, Walter decides to test his wife for her loyalty. He straightforwardly tells her, as the rest of the nobility does not accept her so her daughter must die. As bound by the duty as a wife, Griselde accepts. Walter does the same when their son is borne, still Griselde does not oppose. He then plans another test by arranging fictitious order sent from Rome especially for him stating he should give divorce to his wife with immediate effect, despite the fact that his subjects have begun to hate him for killing his children, he goes on with his plans. Meanwhile he orders his children back with great pomp and show but still without revealing truth about them. In fact, he goes to the extent of declaring his marriage with the girl who happens to be his daughter. He returns the dowry to Griselde and makes adequate arrangements to send her back home. Again she accepts her fate without repenting. All the people follow her lamenting to see her condition. When both the children reach palace, he orders Griselde to arrange his marriage with their daughter, again Griselde accepts without questioning. He even declares his new bride to be treated better than his previous wife. Again when he sees there is no grudge on the face of Griselde, he kisses her and reveals the whole truth to live happily ever after. During the medieval period, ‘disguises’ were the most important armaments for the men and women of great disposition who used them to accomplish their mission or solve their purpose. The use of disguise then passed on to the fictitious world of great literary Elizabethan era 1558–1603 with great flavor. In almost all the works of fiction, be it poetry, play, prose or a novel, writers made use of characters in one context or the other disguised themselves in a pursuit of their goals. At the time Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, women began to get their voice in literature. As a woman and performing men’s job, Queen had to adopt different personalities; when she needed strength to overpower her feministic ways, she adopted her father’s strength and at the time when she was going to get married, she behaved like the most elegant maiden. Her attitude to adopt different persona and the way she used disguise to achieve her ends was an example for others to follow. She was a motivation and a sparkling work of creation of God in the eyes of writers of her contemporary era. Disguise was most important to protect her vulnerability but Shakespeare was less overt, yet his plays had women having three-dimensional traits. Along with this, his male characters too had a chief trait of disguising themselves especially sexual disguise. â€Å"While some aspects of the disguise are common to all the plays in which it appears, its dramatic function is shaped by the particular design of each play; and the differences are fully as important as the similarities in understanding the complexity of the device in Shakespeare’s hands. † (Hayles, 63) Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ is a play on the concept of kinghood. King Lear has all the qualities in him to be considered as a king, but when he is old, he brings destruction on himself, on people who are close to him and on his own country. It is a play that removes the veils that cover the true nature and character of human beings. People who look simple, religious minded and innocent are in true nature culprit and villain. It happens in the world where there is greed, hypocrisy, and flattering and where the king is always cautious to even seek advice from his most trusted man Kent. We could see the traits of disguise within the context of the first two acts only where the King’s two daughters Regan and Goneril use flattery as a disguise hiding their true feelings, and indulging in conspiring to occupy the land.

The Influence Of Thomas Reid In Philosophy And Psychology Philosophy Essay

The Influence Of Thomas Reid In Philosophy And Psychology Philosophy Essay This paper discusses how Thomas Reid was influential in psychology and philosophy. It talks about his works and his common sense philosophy. It discusses direct realism and his philosophical outlook on the theory of knowledge. Reid is also compared with David Hume and his ideas of skepticism. John Locke and Berkeley are also mentioned as influencing Reids philosophy. He rejects Humes arguments and publishes his own book about his own theories based on contradictions to Hume. He also gave lectures at different Universities that he worked at. Some of these lectures appear in his essays that he produces in his retirement. His common sense works show that we can perceive the world accurately through our senses and experiences with people are similar. And his essays talk about the reasoning and ideas that are not metaphysical in the world, but are real. Thomas Reid was a Scottish philosopher during the 18th century whose most famous contributions to the philosophy of intellect are his common sense works, his rational thinking, and his criticisms of fellow British empiricists, particularly Hume. He defended the existence of reasoning powers and influenced many others, including American thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and faculty psychology. Thomas Reid was born on April 26, 1710. His father, Lewis Reid, was a reverend for 58 years, and his mother, Margaret Gregory, lived a shorter life and died when Thomas was 22 in 1732. He came from a long line of intellectuals on both sides of the family that attended college. Reid had an older bother, David, who was five years apart and two younger sisters Isobel and Jane. He grew up in a rural area in a valley in Strachan just outside of Aberdeen on the north-east side of Scotland. This area also was the hometown of Immanuel Kant, who was another local philosophy celebrity during this time period and had a few parallels with Reid (britannica, 2011). Reid started attended a small country school when he was ten years old, then transferred to Aberdeen Grammar School, a higher and more prestigious school, until 1722. He then left to go to Marischal College at age twelve which was a norm in the area and time period. Reids granduncle, James Gregory, graduated college at the age Thomas started (Fraser, 1898). George Turnbull was Reids college philosophy professor for three years, and his influence had a large impact on Reid. Turnbull used much of Berkeleys philosophy in his teachings; this included his version of common sense: Common sense is sufficient to teach those who think of the matter with seriousness and attention all the duties of common life; all our obligations to God and our fellow-men; all that is morally fit and binding (Fraser, 1898). This meant that the spiritual facts of the mind cannot be ignored because of facts seen in the visible world, and what we call matter are only sensible ideas that come from us personally. These teachings influenced indirectly by Berkeley played an important role in Reids life. Thomas Reid studied theology from late 1726 to 1731 as per a requirement for the Church. This is one of the parallels with Kant and Reid; they are both theologically trained. After his completion of theology, Reid found a job as a librarian back at Marischal College in 1733, after his mothers death. Another Kant parallel was that he was a librarian after finishing college, but Kant got  £10 yearly while Reid only got  £9. While a librarian, Reids undergraduate friend and then current Professor of Mathematics at Marischal, Stewart, asked Reid to go him with on a tour of England in 1736. Other than this one particular instance, Reid, like Kant, did not travel far from his home for the rest of his life (Fraser, 1898). After his job as a librarian, Reid was presented the position of pastoral charge of New Machar, a town near Aberdeen, upon his return home. This position was administrator of the church. There was a problem because of rural prejudice, which was influenced by a sermon in early 1737 by Rev. Bisset, which made Reid a victim to attacks and mistreatment when got ordained later that year. Because of this sermon Reid was attacked because he was rural and not from a big city. Those who fought against him would come to change their opinions after his fifteen years there, to where they would have fought for him when he went away (Fraser, 1898) . Thomas got married in 1740, to his cousin Elizabeth, who was his Uncle Dr. George Reids daughter. With her he had six daughters and three sons, and one of the five daughters born in New Machar, died at not even a year old. His wife, in 1746, became critically ill and Reids religious side came out in some of his manuscripts, showing his devotion to god and his wife in his writings. His wife lived through her sickness but Reid eventually outlived everyone except one daughter, including his children. When Thomas Reid was thirty-eight, a paper of his appeared in print called An Essay on Quantity. His 1748 paper revealed the attraction to mathematics that Reid had, using mathematical reasoning with ratios to explain moral philosophy. He argued that genuine ethical inquiry is concerned with a class of facts which are under a higher category, and refuse to submit to geometrical measurement (Fraser, 1898). This recognition of other scientific methods other than mathematics shows a change in thought for this time. Reids most known work in philosophy, however, would come from an almost unnoticed book from London in 1739 by David Hume, who was exactly one year younger than Reid coincidentally. The Treatise of Human Nature by Hume would eventually make headlines in shaping European thought and would give Reid an argument. Hume reasoned that there should be a new system of sciences to prove that there is neither human nature nor science in the world, and that nothing can be true if you cannot logically reason from our senses. He believed that our impressions of our senses was exactly that, impressions which tended to be temporary and perceived differently from person to person, and therefore there cannot be truth since impressions are not universal. He also went on to say that what we call existence is only felt impressions, that time is an illusion, and that the word identity is nothing since a person is nothing more than an idea at the moment. To sum it all up, only current feelings exist in the universe. Reid took this as almost an insult. These ideas degraded our speech and communication to only abstract adjectives, because nouns and verbs dont truly exist. Because of this conclusion, we cannot communicate what doesnt exist because you cant communicate only through adjectives. It was a philosophical suicide that gave us an unknown universe we couldnt trust, because the skeptics at this time were saying that nothing exists, like David Hume. Reid began his own theory from these insults, starting with our senses and focusing on mathematical theory. The foundations of mathematical abstracts are in mathematical axioms, and so the foundations of all concrete reasoning are to be found in the rational constitution of perception through the five senses (Fraser, 1898). Forty years after that, Reid even went on to say that it was Hume that made him realize the faults of the Berkeley system that came from Descartes philosophy. He stated that what George Turnbull taught, gave me [Reid] more unea siness than the want of a material world, and to question its foundation (Reid, 1785). Hume gave Reid an argument and showed him that he should create his own theory. Thomas Reid left New Machar in late 1751, where he became a regent master at Kings College in Aberdeen till 1764. There he gave lectures, and the three-year regent course was still imposed for philosophy. He gave lectures in natural history and physical science one year, mathematics and natural philosophy in another, and finally philosophy of the mind in the third year, where the same students were still under his teachings. So, he had three three-year classes which he taught: 1753-56, 1756-59, 1759-62, plus the first two years when he started. Under some examination of Reids lectures in the Natural Philosophy classes, it was shown that he was very much knowledgeable in physical sciences incorporating laws of motion, astronomy and electricity. Reid also brought changes and reform to the university. Teaching sessions were extended by two months, there was much better organization in Latin classes, and material sciences had to be a prerequisite to psychology and ethics, which was consistent with a mind naturally observing then reflecting upon its observations. He also created the Wise Club at Kings College, which was a small society for philosophical inquiry with his old friend Gregory. This club also influenced later Scottish philosophic literature. The meetings consisted of reading of personal short essays, as well as a question proposed before each meeting for discussion. It was mostly the skeptical theology that Hume talked about that gave the society discussion questions, and Reid went as far as writing If you write no more in morals, politics, and metaphysics, I am afraid we shall be at a loss for subjects in a letter to David Hume (Craig, 1998). Since the start of the Wise Club in 1758 continuing to his last work of the society in 1762, Reid put in many works that would be later seen in his publications two years afterwards. A lot of the work itself dealt with our senses and perception, and he even received an honorary Doctorate of Divinity from Marichal College in early 1762. By the end 1763, he produced his first book An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, which was the result of his twenty years in New Machar and Aberdeen. The Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense was an argument against David Hume that allowed Thomas Reid to attain a very important role in the development of philosophy. In his book, he makes an important point about Humes Treatise of Human Nature. Reid argued that if we as humans have no evidence that things exist, then we could never encounter an external object directly, and what we perceive is in our own minds. How can one be sure of the outside realities that differ from ones own sensations? Reid also said, If I allow that my own sensations and ideas are my only possible original data, I cannot from such transitory phantoms infer the real existence of other persons. (Reid, 1764) This is also when Reid encountered Berkeleys theory a dead end for proving other intelligent beings existence. Reid was also later criticized by John Stuart Mill, specifically in his common sense book. Mill said that any appeal to intuition or self-evidence was a cover way of promot ing self-interest (von Dehsen, 1999). He argued further that if only sensations and ideas of the self cannot be broken through, then the self is an illusion and the word self means nothing. The universe is, not sensations that are all personal, but is put into isolated sensations which can be similarly experienced by others, but not the exact same sensations. Reid also found it unreasonable that we do not actually perceive external things and only certain images of them are imprinted in the mind called ideas and impressions. He thought this could only throw out all philosophy, religion, and common sense. These ideas are substitutions of the common reasonable sense, which neither requires nor admits of logical proof. Reid believed there two degrees of reason. The first degree of reason is the five senses to judge of things self-evident (Reid, 1764). The second degree is reasoning, which is able to make conclusions of non-self-evident reasoning from the first degree. Also, truth in judgments of common sense cannot be seen, they are only justified by reasoning and how human nature responds to them. For example, we have the common sense that fire is hot because other people perceive it as hot and it comes through our senses. This is part of nature in human understanding, and is inspiration of God. Reasoning is used to control everything from emotions to appetite, and allows us to live and serve under God. God has excellently fitted our conscience, reason, natural instincts and bodily appetites to the benefit of the species (Yaffe Nichols, 2009). He continued to say that this is what makes up the discoveries in our reasoning of the world and called this the common sense of mankind, and even started the School of Common Sense. When one ignores these innate senses though, another may find them as being crazy. Reid also explained what if Hume found is right, and to not trust our senses: I break my nose against a post that comes in my way, I step into a dirty kennel; and after twenty such wise and rational actions I am taken up and clapped into a madhouse (Reid, 1764). Though people may not know if the senses are correct, everyone assumes they are because they are commonly known and perceived. Our common sense, to Reid, is conscious and varies between persons, time periods, and locations. Reid listed six axioms that came from sensus communis, which was the term he used for common sense. The first is that the thoughts of which I am conscious are thoughts of a being which I call myself, my mind, my person. The second is that those things did really happen that I distinctly remember. The third is that we have some degree of power over our actions, and the determination of our will. the forth is that there is life and intelligence in our fellow men with whom we converse. the fifth is that there is a certain regard due to human testimony in matters of fact, and even to human authority in matters of opinion. and the sixth is that, in the phenomena of nature, what is to be, will probably be like what has been in similar circumstances (Reid, 1785). He concluded in his common sense philosophy four basic principles of knowledge. The first principle was that certain undemonstrable fundamental truths [are] immediately conclusive and absolute and that there are certain truths that are common among people. The second principle was that these truths cannot be subjected to criticism or support from science. The third principle was that philosophy itself comes from self-enlightening truth and anything that contradicts your truth is incorrect. The fourth truth was that our morality is what we use as guidelines in our life to perform our duties in society and we act with what goes with common sense and what we think is right (Reid, 1764). Thomas Reid, before the book was published, wanted David Hume to read some of it. Hume responded with a compliment saying it was deeply philosophical yet written with spirit, and that no one else is able to explain themselves with greater clarity. However he kindly disagreed with the abstract that was sent. Reid wrote back saying that he was only attempting to shine a little light on the subject, But whether I have any success in this attempt or not, I shall always avow myself your disciple in metaphysics (Reid, 1872). He also concluded that he learned more from Hume than everybody else known put together in the subject. Shortly following his book, Reid was offered to be the Chair of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow when Adam Smith resigned in 1764. During his time of teaching in Glasgow College, the lectures that he provided would be the precursor of his published Essays of his old age. When 1772 came about, Reid had hardship in his personal life, when two of his older daughters died. When Reid was seventy, he discovered after sixteen years teaching at Glasgow, he found himself growing old. In a letter he wrote to his friend Lord Kames he reported this and turned over the class to his assistant Archibald Arthur so he could continue his philosophical authorship in retirement. After his retirement in 1780, he again found tough times the same year. His eldest son died, and only two years go by only to be heartbroken once again by the death of his last son, which left only one daughter in his family. Reids final works were his Essays, which come in two parts, and were based off his lectures at Glasgow. The first installment was an inquiry of mans intellectual power, while the second came a few years afterward explaining the facts of moral power and the invisible ideas in mans consciousness. In the Essays an advance is made towards a finally ethical interpretation of man and the universe. The Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man was the first Essay to come out, in 1785. It explained our perception through the senses and memory, imagination, and sciences dealing with time frames. It also contained some rebuttal to the abstract reasoning criticism of common sense. He presents direct realism which is the view that our minds are directly connected to the world, and that we experience objects immediately as objects because of our power of perception. This was the opposite thinking of consciousness being formed by adding sensations to our ideas. Reid started with an important part of all this: Human knowledge may be reduced to two general heads, according as it relates to body or to mind; to things material, or to things intellectual (Reid, 1785). Otherwise, we know that there are two worlds, mind and matter. In his essay Reid continued with, The Supreme Being intended, that we should have such knowledge of the material objects that surrounds us, as is necessary in order to our supplying the wants of nature, and avoiding the dangers to which we are constantly exposed; and he has admirably fitted our powers of perception to this purpose. [If] the intelligence we have of external objects were to be got by reasoning only, the greatest part of men would be destitute of it; for the greatest part of men hardly ever learn to reason; and in infancy and childhood no man can reason. Also, he said that God conveys this intelligence of objects in a way we can understand and use the information. The information of the senses is as perfect, and gives as full conviction to the most ignorant, as to the most learned (Reid 1785). This showed that Reid believed that reason could not be the prerequisite to perception and that god gave us the innate ability of perception through the senses to draw conclusions of the universe. Three years after the first set of Essays, he put out the remaining works in 1788, titled Essays on the Active Powers of Man. This concluded the ideas that are not of the physical world including ethics. A man can act from motives that are higher than any that move the lower animals. He sees one course of action as having dignity and value, and another as being base and low; and lower animals cant make such distinctions. Reid explains our higher sensibility as humans and our moral values as a society are means to set us apart from animals. The Essay continues to show that our power, though we cant perceive or be aware of it, is our minds reason. This is where Lockes theory, that we gather ideas our ideas through the senses and/or consciousness, con ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡icts with the fact that we have a conception or idea of power (Reid 1785). Another point he postulated was that for some things, we have a direct conception, while for others, we only have a relative conception. This can be possibly thought of as we have a direct conception of the third dimension since we live and experience it, but only a relative conception of the fourth. Reids hatred for Atheists and their reasoning in depriving man of all active power is also shown in this work, They join hands with theologians in depreciating human understanding, so that they can lead us into absolute scepticism (Reid, 1785). He also concludes that there cant be an exclusion of our senses, memory, and rational faculties in any further theoretical opinion. Reid discusses his early version of mental faculties as active powers of the mind that influenced ones thoughts and behavior. Also, faculties are innate and work together as one unifying mind, some of which included were attention, judgment, perception, and reason. There were 43 total faculties (Hergenhahn, 2009). Though this was not the actual school of thought that phrenologists believed later, it did however help influence faculty psychology. Thomas Reid died when he was eighty-six, on October 7, 1796 in Glasgow. His most notable ideas for his recognition in the Scottish Enlightenment were direct realism and common sense. His works in metaphysics, epistemology or theory of knowledge, mind, and ethics, would come from the influences of David Hume, Cicero, Locke, and Berkeley. His Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense would bring upon the Scottish School of Common Sense, and his works collectively would later influence those such as Victor Cousin, Alvin Plantinga, and C.S. Peirce. I think he was quite important in the development of psychology. I think personally that rationalism is much more sane and reasonable than what Hume and the empiricists were saying that we cant trust our senses. However, I think its important sometimes to take a step back to take two steps forward and play devils advocate as what the skeptics were saying, otherwise we may not have seen Reid. He talks about the important issue of our senses being accurate and reasonable to trust even if they are slightly wrong. I also liked his essays more in his common sense work just because it explained our reasoning abilities and our ethics, which no one really talked about in that much depth. If we were to believe Hume we could basically say that we are living in a matrix since the only thing real is feelings and ideas in the mind. This is why Reid is important because he explains how objects are actually real and how we communicate about them. He helped influence faculty psychology and phrenolog y which opened up the door for specific areas of the brain such as reasoning, consciousness, and attention.

Desmear and electroless plating

Desmear and electroless plating Introduction Printed circuit board is used in the electronic manufacturing for mechanical and electrical support. It is electronically connects the electric components using conductive traces, carved from copper covered onto a non-conductive material. Printed circuit board are usually include copper and copper mixture materials that are coated to provide good mechanical and good conductivity with other devices in the assembly. Printed circuits board are used in all electronic equipments such as computer and mobile phones and TV and communications equipment and satellite as well as in the control of gadgets in the factories, companies and other uses of the innumerable à Ã‚ t thà Ã‚ µ mà Ã‚ ¾mà Ã‚ µnt thà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µ iц¢  ° ц¢trà Ã‚ ¾ng inÑ rà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ in thà Ã‚ µ dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢irà Ã‚ µ fà Ã‚ ¾r jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding  °nd jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding-rigid and light à Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã‚ ¡Bц¢ duà Ã‚ µ tà Ã‚ ¾ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ µrt °in m °rkà Ã‚ µt ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ tà Ã‚ ¾rц¢. 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Thà Ã‚ µ nà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µd tà Ã‚ ¾ m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾duÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà Ã‚ µl tyÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd tà Ã‚ ¾ rà Ã‚ µduÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t à Ã‚ ¾f m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turà Ã‚ µ,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °lw °yц¢ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ drivà Ã‚ µn thà Ã‚ µ dà Ã‚ µvà Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬mà Ã‚ µnt à Ã‚ ¾f nà Ã‚ µwà Ã‚ µr mà Ã‚ µthà Ã‚ ¾dц¢ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ing. (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ hlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ingà   µr, 2002, 82) Tà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ hniÑ Ã‚ °lly thà Ã‚ µ m °tà Ã‚ µri °lц¢ invà Ã‚ ¾lvà Ã‚ µd in jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding / jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding-rigid PCB bà Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ °rd m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turing gà Ã‚ µnà Ã‚ µr °tà Ã‚ µ  ° l °rgà Ã‚ µ numbà Ã‚ µr à Ã‚ ¾f iц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢uà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢. à Ã… ¾nà Ã‚ µ kà Ã‚ µy Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µrn iц¢ thà Ã‚ µ l °rgà Ã‚ µ use v °ri °nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f m °tà Ã‚ µri °lц¢ in à Ã‚ ¾nà Ã‚ µ bà Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ °rd build-uÑâ‚ ¬  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ wà Ã‚ µll  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µxà Ã‚ ¾tiÑ  n °turà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f thà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾nly uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd m °tà Ã‚ µri °lц¢, water consupmition  °nd thà Ã‚ µ inhà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µnt iц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢uà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µy r °iц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ. (à Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ hlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ingà Ã‚ µr, 2002, 82) PCB are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more design effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, building, and quality control needs are set by standards (1). In 1885 before the appearance of electric circuit board and point to point production, plate of carton was used to connect the electric components with wires and it was heavy and has big volume. Before printed circuits point-to-point production was used for primary sample or small production runs wire. Circuit boards were produced in the mid-1930, by Austrian inventor Paul Eisler. During World War II the United States produced them on a huge range for use in war radios. During this period the invention remained use in the military part, and until the end of the war it became available for commercial use. Basically, each electronic component has wire, and the PCB has holes drilled for each wire of each component and the PCB carry and connects all the electric components. Printed circuit boards have copper tracks connecting the holes where the components are placed. They are designed specially for each circuit and make structure very easy. The coating on the surface of a circuit board are usually copper, created either by putting single lines mechanically, or by coating the all board in copper and remove away excess. The method of assembly is called through-hole formation. In modern circuit board production, it uses soldered in place on the board with very little hassle., this process is usually be done by putting the cool solder mixture, and baking the entire board to dissolve the components in place. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over wave, of molten solder in machine(1). In previous period to the creation of surface-mount technology was in the mid-1960s, all circuit boards used wire to attach components to the board. But With the removing the wires from circuit boards, circuit boards have become lighter and more efficient to produce. Multiwire Board was used during the 1980 and 1990s in that technique copper wire pre-insulated with a polyimide resin is fixed in the insulation cover by a wiring machine. Multiwire Board allows through wiring so that the number of wires be in one layer significantly increases, and consequently an high-density board can be manufactured with a smaller number of layers than an ordinary printed wire boards. In addition, as Multiwire Board uses copper wire of a uniform diameter, it is superior in various electric characteristics such as providing stable characteristic impedance. Surface-mount technology appeared in the 1960s, and became famous in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid 1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly on to the PCB surface. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting provides itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labour costs and incrassating the conductivity and greatly increasing production and quality rates. Surface mount devices (SMDs) can be one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight, and passive components can be one-half to one-quarter of the cost of corresponding through-hole parts (3). The advantages of Surface mount technology are: Smaller components. Smallest is currently 0.5 x 0.25 mm. Has higher number of components and more connections per component. Fewer holes should be drilled through abrasive boards. Easy automated assembly. Small mistakes in component placement are corrected automatically (the surface tension of the molten solder pulls the component into alignment with the solder pads). Components can be putted on both sides of the circuit board. Lower resistance at the connection. Good mechanical performance under shake and vibration conditions. SMT parts generally cost less than through-hole parts. Fewer unwanted RF signal effects in SMT parts when compared to leaded parts, yielding better predictability of component characteristics. Faster assembly. Some placement machines are capable of placing more than 50,000 components per hour. And there are some Disadvantages Thermal capacity of the heat generator results in slow reaction whereby thermal profiles can be distorted. Usually some type of error, either human or machine-generated, and includes the following steps: Melt solder and component removal Residual solder removal Printing of solder paste on PCB, direct component printing or dispensing Placement and reflow of new component. Over the past few year, electronic products, and especially those which fall within the category of Consumer Electronics have been significantly reduced in physical size and weight. Products such as cellular telephones, lap-top computers, pagers, camcorders, have been reduced by as much as3/4 of their original introductory size and weight. The most significant contributing factor to this reduction has been the inclusion of fine pitch, Surface Mount (SM) components. The larger, thicker and heavier leaded Through-Hole (TH) packages. The Surface Mount (SM) was developed to give the customer with increased component density and performance over the larger Dual-Inline-Package (DIP). The SM also provides the same high consistency. The Chip Scale (CSP) was developed to provide the customer with an additional increase in component performance and density over the SM . The CSP also provides the same high reliability as the DIP and SM package Components which are used in integrated circuits (chips), resistors, and capacitors can be soldered to the surface of the board or more commonly, attached by inserting their connecting pins or wires into holes drilled in the board. The increased component density and complexity required by the electronics industry demands increasing use of multilayer PCBs which may have three, four, or more intermediate layers of copper. Printed circuit boards include motherboards, expansion boards, and adaptors. Epoxy polymers are regularly used for electric circuit board manufacturing purposes, especially for built up layers and micro-vias in modern printed circuit boards. The sticking together of the plated metal layers to this polymer surface is primary importance for the consistency of the internal connection. Chemical treatment of the polymer surface changes the chemical and physical nature of the polymer. These results in specific groups of the polymer chain present on the surface and changes the roughness of the polymer layer. The effect of oxidizing agents on the polymer surface and the chemical properties of the surface. (4). Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil. Isolating layers are usually laminated together with epoxy resin. The board is usually coated with a solder cover that is green in color. Other colors that are normally available are blue, and red (2). A number of additional technologies may be applied to circuit boards for specialized uses: Circuit boards, for example, are designed to be slightly flexible, allowing the circuit board to be placed in positions which would not otherwise be practical, or to be used in wire systems. Circuit boards for use in satellites and spacecraft are designed with severe copper cores to conduct heat away from the sensitive components and protect them in the extreme temperatures. Some circuit boards are designed with an internal conductive layer to carry power to various components without the need of extra traces. Publications have documented the plating of nanoparticales of Cu (Copper plating) or Au on flexible polyimide ( Epoxy) by electroplating Copper plating is the process in which a coating of copper is deposited on the item to be plated by using an electric current. Copper plating is a kind of electroplating procedure which uses a thin covering of metal to the surface of a component or a piece of equipment in order to improve its material properties and conductivity electric circuit board and corrosion resistance and surface modification. Copper plating has an important use in another industries such as automotive, furniture, aerospace and ceramics. Important characteristics of the copper plating process involve the type of process, the copper plating solution and power consumption(5). Some important parameters must be take during copper plating: Kind of copper plating How much necessary capacity of the copper plating system How much power will spending during the copper plating process. The electroless copper platting process involves of four basic operations: cleaning, activation, acceleration, and deposition. Useful features of copper plating: Supply good basecoat for nickel and chromium. Increase the conductivity and reduce the cost of production Supply excellent electrical conductivity properties for applications such as electronics and telecommunications. Can be use as a mask in surface hardening procedures. Provide good lubrication in metal forming operations. Makes jewels look good. Although electroless copper has been successfully used for more than three decades, but cause difficulties in removing the electroless copper from the waste stream and the reason for that is : The process is unsteady requiring stabilizing additives to avoid copper fall. Environmentally is not good produces complex agents, such as EDTA The large number of process needs high water consumption. The electroless copper method has considerable percentage of water volume used. water use is high due to the essential rinsing required between nearly all of the process steps. Copper is found into the wastewater stream due to pull out from the cleaner conditioner, accelerator, and deposition baths process. Much of this copper is complexed with EDTA and needs special waste treatment considerations and that is not good for environmental. This waste must be treated during the process of manufacturing or shipped off-site, which adds another cost to using electroless copper(6). Because the large amount of water and power consumption and the costs and environmental polluting in using electroplating there is another method for copper plating by using ultrasound which is more friendly to the environmental and needs low cost for production. Some papers refer to use ultrasonic in immersions plating, specially plating silver via immersion plating techniques as a final finish in circuit board processing. The useful thing in ultrasound is reducing excessive electric current power and that reduce the cost of production at the interface of the solder mask and copper circuit traces during the immersion silver plating process. Ultrasonics also used in cleaning printed circuit boards before plating. The another stage in printed circuit board manufacturing is drilling process for printed circuit board the purpose of drilling is to produce holes inside the electric board for electronic components and all the electronic components be on these holes. Holes are drilled through the cover so that component can be inserted and then fixed firmly in place. There are generally two types of components that are attachable to the circuit board such as resistors, transistors, which are attached to the circuit board by putting each of the legs of components through a hole in the board. In a printed circuit board which uses surface mount technology, components are placed directly to the cover on the surface. Each set hole in the printed circuit board is planned to receive a exacting component. Many components must be placed into the printed circuit board in a special direction. The simplest printed circuit boards, wires must be printed on more than one surface of fiberglass to let all the component interconnections. Each surface containing printed wires is called a layer or film. Simple printed circuit board which requires only two layers, only one piece of fiberglass is required because wires can be printed on each sides. Some printed circuit board has several layers, individual circuit boards are manufactured individually and then coated together to produce one multi layer circuit board. To connect wires on two or more layers small holes called vias are drilled through the wires and fiberglass board at the point where the wires on the different layers cross. The interior surface of these holes is coated with metal so that electric current can flow through the vias. Some more complex computer circuit boards have more than 20 layers. The printed circuit board has green colour because presence of thin sheets of green plastic on the both sides and without that the printed circuit board will appears in pale yellow colour. Called solder masks, these sheets cover all metal other than the component covers and holes. Electric circuit components are manufactured with covered metal pins which are used to fix them to the printed circuit board both mechanically and electrically so electric current can pass between them. The soldering process, which provides mechanical bond and a very good electrical connection, is used to connect the components to the printed circuit board. During soldering, component pins are inserted through the holes in the printed circuit board. A multilayer printed circuit board which can be interlayer connection with low resistance. The multilayer printed circuit board have a conductive design on one face and without connection hole on the other face, for applying the conductive design to outside; a second substrate having a conductive design formed on a face opposed to the other face of first substrate and a conductive bump on the conductive design integrally. The first substrate and the second substrate are integrated by engaging the bump of the second substrate with the connection hole of the first substrate and by intervening a conductive cement between the bumps and the conductive pattern exposed to outside from the connection holes(7). Some papers refer to use laser drilling to create holes during the manufacturing process for printed circuit board and that is also possible with controlled drilling by using computer program software or by pre-drilling the individual sheets of the printed circuit board before production, in order to produce holes which connect only some of the copper covers, rather than let them to go through the all board. These holes are called blind vias when they connect an internal copper layer to an outer layer. Methods to Make Printed Circuits Board Thà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µ  °rà Ã‚ µ  ° h °ndful of w °yц¢  °v °il °blà Ã‚ µ to produce Pà Ã‚ ¡Bц¢. Thà Ã‚ µy yià Ã‚ µld rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ultц¢ of diffà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µnt qu °litià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, whà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µ qu °lity ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µmц¢ to bà Ã‚ µ invà Ã‚ µrц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µly proportion °l to thà Ã‚ µ  °mount of mà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ you m °kà Ã‚ µ (in moц¢t Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢),  °nd  °mount of monà Ã‚ µy you ц¢pà Ã‚ µnd (in  °ll Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢). Ill t °lk  ° bit  °bout à Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ h,  °nd thà Ã‚ µn Ñ omp °rà Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µm  °ll  °t thà Ã‚ µ bottom of thà Ã‚ µ p °gà Ã‚ µ. à Ã‚ ny proÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ th °t involvà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ m °king bo °rd will h °và Ã‚ µ  ° numbà Ã‚ µr of ц¢tà Ã‚ µpц¢ in Ñ ommon. à Ã‚ t  ° high là Ã‚ µvà Ã‚ µl and the steps include: ProÑ urà Ã‚ µ  ° b °rà Ã‚ µ bo °rd made from Epoxy resin (Ñ o °tà Ã‚ µd with  ° thin l °yà Ã‚ µr of Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr on à Ã‚ µithà Ã‚ µr onà Ã‚ µ or both ц¢idà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢) by using electroplating with copper. Moц¢t mà Ã‚ µthodц¢ will uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  ° pl °in bo °rd; photolithogr °phy rà Ã‚ µquirà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ onà Ã‚ µ Ñ o °tà Ã‚ µd with ц¢pà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ i °l light-ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µnц¢itivà Ã‚ µ Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiÑ Ã‚ °lц¢and ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ r °pà Ã‚ µ off  °ny burrц¢  °long thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd à Ã‚ µdgà Ã‚ µ (you w °nt  ° fl °t Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr ц¢urf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  °nd Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °n it wà Ã‚ µll to rà Ã‚ µmovà Ã‚ µ oxid °tion  °nd fingà Ã‚ µr oilц¢, follow up with dà Ã‚ µn °turà Ã‚ µd  °lÑ ohol to rà Ã‚ µmovà Ã ‚ µ  °ny oilц¢ or grà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ,  °nd finiц¢h by buffing with  ° và Ã‚ µry Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °n towà Ã‚ µl. From thiц¢ point on, youll w °nt to h °ndlà Ã‚ µ your bo °rd only by thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µdgà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to  °void gà Ã‚ µtting fingà Ã‚ µr oilц¢ on it. Dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢igning the Ñ irÑ uit board. Dà Ã‚ µpà Ã‚ µnding on how is the  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tu °l production for thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd, the dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign will t °kà Ã‚ µ onà Ã‚ µ of  ° numbà Ã‚ µr of diffà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µnt formц¢  ° h °nd-dr °wn ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µt of linà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ on p °pà Ã‚ µr,  ° Ñ omputà Ã‚ µr-dr °wn di °gr °m. Tr °nц¢fà Ã‚ µr the dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢irà Ã‚ µd Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to thà Ã‚ µ pl °tà Ã‚ µd ц¢idà Ã‚ µ(ц¢) on the bo °rd; thà Ã‚ µ tr °nц¢fà Ã‚ µrrà Ã‚ µd tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °rà Ã‚ µ rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iц¢t °nt to the à Ã‚ µtÑ hing liquid. Moц¢t bo °rd produÑ tion mà Ã‚ µthodц¢ diffà Ã‚ µr only in how thà Ã‚ µy  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ompliц¢h thiц¢ ц¢tà Ã‚ µp. If the board needs gà Ã‚ µnà Ã‚ µr °ting  ° dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign vi ° Ñ omputà Ã‚ µr, that will needs to put ц¢omà Ã‚ µ thought into whiÑ h w °y the faces on the printà Ã‚ µd dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign will be. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tÑ h thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd which was tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µd, The à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiÑ Ã‚ °l rà Ã‚ µmovà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °ll non-m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢kà Ã‚ µd Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr;  °ftà Ã‚ µr itц¢ donà Ã‚ µ and then give thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd  ° good w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢h undà Ã‚ µr running w °tà Ã‚ µr to rà Ã‚ µmovà Ã‚ µ  °ll tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ of thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt. In moц¢t Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt will à Ã‚ µithà Ã‚ µr bà Ã‚ µ Fà Ã‚ µrriÑ  à Ã‚ ¡hloridà Ã‚ µ or à Ã‚ mmonium Pà Ã‚ µrц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ (Fà Ã‚ µrriÑ  à Ã‚ ¡hloridà Ã‚ µ iц¢ morà Ã‚ µ popul °r). Thà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  °rà Ã‚ µ  °v °il °blà Ã‚ µ in both liquid (i.à Ã‚ µ., prà Ã‚ µmixà Ã‚ µd)  °nd powdà Ã‚ µr form; thà Ã‚ µ powdà Ã‚ µr iƘ†¢ gà Ã‚ µnà Ã‚ µr °lly quità Ã‚ µ  ° bit Ñ hà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °pà Ã‚ µr, but rà Ã‚ µquirà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ã‚ °rà Ã‚ µ whà Ã‚ µn mixing. à Ã‚ lц¢o notà Ã‚ µ th °t à Ã‚ µtÑ hing proÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µdц¢ f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà Ã‚ µr with w °rmà Ã‚ µr à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt,  °nd  °git °tion. à Ã‚ long with ц¢Ã‚ °ving you timà Ã‚ µ, f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t à Ã‚ µtÑ hing  °lц¢o produÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bà Ã‚ µttà Ã‚ µr à Ã‚ µdgà Ã‚ µ qu °lity  °nd Ñ onц¢iц¢tà Ã‚ µnt linà Ã‚ µ widthц¢, ц¢o f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t iц¢ good in thiц¢ ц¢tà Ã‚ µp. Prà Ã‚ µ-hà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °t Fà Ã‚ µrriÑ  à Ã‚ ¡hloridà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt in thà Ã‚ µ miÑ row °và Ã‚ µ for 40 ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ ondц¢ à Ã‚ ¡ut thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd to fin °l ц¢izà Ã‚ µ  °nd ц¢h °pà Ã‚ µ,  °nd drill holà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd for Ñ omponà Ã‚ µnt là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °dц¢. Thà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ nà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µd to bà Ã‚ µ và Ã‚ µry ц¢m °ll holà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ( °bout 0.8 mm). à Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ °rà Ã‚ µfully ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ rub off thà Ã‚ µ m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢k (with finà Ã‚ µ ц¢tà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µl wool undà Ã‚ µr running w °tà Ã‚ µr),  °nd popul °tà Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd (i.à Ã‚ µ., ц¢oldà Ã‚ µr with the Ñ omponà Ã‚ µntц¢). And only the mask ц¢hould ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ rub off thà Ã‚ µ whà Ã‚ µn the soldering is rà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °dy,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ oxidizà Ã‚ µ quiÑ kly within  ° fà Ã‚ µw d °yц¢. à Ã‚ ftà Ã‚ µr thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd iц¢ popul °tà Ã‚ µd (i.à Ã‚ µ.,  °ll thà Ã‚ µ Ñ omponà Ã‚ µntц¢ h °và Ã‚ µ bà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µn ц¢oldà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µd on), quiÑ k Ñ o °t of ц¢pr °y polyurà Ã‚ µth °nà Ã‚ µ v °rniц¢h, thiц¢ kà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µpц¢ thà Ã‚ µ ц¢hiny Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ looking ц¢hiny,  °nd providà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  ° bit of inц¢ul °tion  °g °inц¢t ц¢hortц¢ duà Ã‚ µ to ц¢tr °y wirà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bruц¢hing up  °g °inц¢t thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Elà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µn ц¢uÑ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢fully uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd fà Ã‚ ¾r mà Ã‚ ¾rà Ã‚ µ th °n thrà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µ dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ã‚ °dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, limitц¢ à Ã‚ ¾n à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr °tà Ã‚ ¾r à Ã‚ µxÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢urà Ã‚ µ tà Ã‚ ¾ fà Ã‚ ¾rm °ldà Ã‚ µhydà Ã‚ µ  °nd diffiÑ ultià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in rà Ã‚ µmà Ã‚ ¾ving thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr frà Ã‚ ¾m thà Ã‚ µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà Ã‚ µ ц¢trà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °m Ñ Ã‚ °uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turà Ã‚ µrц¢ tà Ã‚ ¾ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µk other methods. Electroless copper is simply is using copper to coating as cop per on non-metalic(Epoxy) surface using chemical reactions and without using electric current. . It was used to make non-metallic surface conductive or has poor conductivity and that will provide electrical connection to the devices. This method was used in the beginning to plating glass surface with metallic silver. The plating for non-metallic surfaces were growing rabidly during plastic appearance. The plastic was used after that as non-metallic surface (Epoxy). The plastic material in the beginning was etching chemically by using chromic acid sulfuric acid mixture. The disadvantageous and advantagous for electroless plating compaired with other electro plating: (Coombs, 2007): Uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f fà Ã‚ ¾rm °ldà Ã‚ µhydà Ã‚ µ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ rà Ã‚ µduÑ ing  °gà Ã‚ µnt. Thà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ iц¢ inhà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µntly unц¢t °blà Ã‚ µ, rà Ã‚ µquiring ц¢t °bilizing  °dditivà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ tà Ã‚ ¾  °và Ã‚ ¾id Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ iÑâ‚ ¬it °tià Ã‚ ¾n. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢nvirà Ã‚ ¾nmà Ã‚ µnt °lly undà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ir °blà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mÑâ‚ ¬là Ã‚ µxing  °gà Ã‚ µntц¢, ц¢uÑ h  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢DTà Ã‚ ,  °rà Ã‚ µ uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd. Thà Ã‚ µ l °rgà Ã‚ µ numbà Ã‚ µr à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd rinц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ t °nkц¢ Ñ Ã‚ °uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ high w °tà Ã‚ µr Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢umÑâ‚ ¬tià Ã‚ ¾n. Thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢iц¢tц¢ à Ã‚ ¾f fà Ã‚ ¾ur b °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iÑ  à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr °tià Ã‚ ¾nц¢: Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tiv °tià Ã‚ ¾n,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µr °tià Ã‚ ¾n,  °nd dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià Ã‚ ¾n (Coombs, 2007). à Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢t °nt à Ã‚ µtÑ hing r °tà Ã‚ µ. Thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ hing r °tà Ã‚ µ iц¢ dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µndà Ã‚ µnt à Ã‚ ¾n tà Ã‚ µmÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr °turà Ã‚ µ  °nd hydrà Ã‚ ¾gà Ã‚ µn Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µntr °tià Ã‚ ¾n, nà Ã‚ ¾t thà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µntr °tià Ã‚ ¾n. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦imÑâ‚ ¬là Ã‚ µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà Ã‚ µ trà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °tmà Ã‚ µnt. Nà Ã‚ ¾ Ñ hà Ã‚ µl °tà Ã‚ ¾rц¢  °rà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µnt in ц¢ulfuriÑ -Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h °ntц¢. à Ã‚  high Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ity à Ã‚ ¾f 3 tà Ã‚ ¾ 4 à Ã‚ ¾unÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/g °llà Ã‚ ¾n. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ffiÑ ià Ã‚ µnt Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µry. à Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr ц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µry iц¢ uц¢u °lly 90-95% The electroless has steps which is includes below described steps Step 1: The Cleaner-. Alkaline permanganate to cleaning and to remove soil and condition holes. Step 2: Acid etching to remove copper surface contaminants. Step 3: Sulfuric Acid. Used to remove microetch. Step 4: Pre-dip. Used to stay chemical balance for the next treatment step. Step 5: Catalysis. Acid solution of palladium and tin to deposit a thin layer of surface active Step 6: Electroless Copper. Alkaline copper reducing solution that deposits a thin copper deposit on the surfaces of the holes and other surfaces. Thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢iц¢tц¢ à Ã‚ ¾f fà Ã‚ ¾ur b °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iÑ  à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr °tià Ã‚ ¾nц¢: Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tiv °tià Ã‚ ¾n,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µr °tià Ã‚ ¾n,  °nd dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià Ã‚ ¾n (Coombs, 2007). à Ã‚ n  °nti-t °rniц¢h b °th iц¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾n  °ftà Ã‚ µr dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià Ã‚ ¾n. Virtu °lly  °ll ц¢hà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬urÑ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  ° ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µrià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià Ã‚ µt °ry Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiц¢trià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ f rà Ã‚ ¾m  ° ц¢inglà Ã‚ µ và Ã‚ µndà Ã‚ ¾r th °t  °rà Ã‚ µ uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ ingrà Ã‚ µdià Ã‚ µntц¢ fà Ã‚ ¾r thà Ã‚ µ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µvà Ã‚ µr °l Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ b °thц¢ in thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà Ã‚ µ. à Ã‚ ¡là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning. Thà Ã‚ µ Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µgmà Ã‚ µnt bà Ã‚ µginц¢ with  ° Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °nà Ã‚ µr-Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nditià Ã‚ ¾nà Ã‚ µr dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ignà Ã‚ µd tà Ã‚ ¾ rà Ã‚ µmà Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾rg °niÑ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nditià Ã‚ ¾n (in thiц¢ Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ ц¢wà Ã‚ µll) thà Ã‚ µ hà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µ b °rrà Ã‚ µlц¢ fà Ã‚ ¾r thà Ã‚ µ ц¢ubц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µquà Ã‚ µnt uÑâ‚ ¬t °kà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñ Ã‚ °t °lyц¢t, fà Ã‚ ¾llà Ã‚ ¾wà Ã‚ µd by  ° miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h ц¢tà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬. Thà Ã‚ µ Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °nà Ã‚ µr-Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nditià Ã‚ ¾nà Ã‚ µrц¢  °rà Ã‚ µ tyÑâ‚ ¬iÑ Ã‚ °lly Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià Ã‚ µt °ry fà Ã‚ ¾rmul °tià Ã‚ ¾nц¢,  °nd mà Ã ‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tly Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢iц¢t à Ã‚ ¾f Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾n  °lk °linà Ã‚ µ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾lutià Ã‚ ¾nц¢. à Ã‚  miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h ц¢tà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬ Ñ Ã‚ °n bà Ã‚ µ fà Ã‚ ¾und à Ã‚ ¾n thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà Ã‚ µ, à Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ linà Ã‚ µ, Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °ttà Ã‚ µrn Ñâ‚ ¬l °tà Ã‚ µ linà Ã‚ µ  °nd with Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiÑ Ã‚ °l Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning if th °t iц¢ thà Ã‚ µ Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning mà Ã‚ µthà Ã‚ ¾d uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd. Thrà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µ Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiц¢try  °ltà Ã‚ µrn °tivà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °rà Ã‚ µ  °v °il °blà Ã‚ µ. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ulfuriÑ   °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id-hydrà Ã‚ ¾gà Ã‚ µn Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ (Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢iц¢ting à Ã‚ ¾f 5% ц¢ulfuriÑ   °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id  °nd 1% tà Ã‚ ¾ 3% Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ) iц¢ mà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾n, fà Ã‚ ¾llà Ã‚ ¾wà Ã‚ µd by ц¢ulfuriÑ   °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id-Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾t °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ium (à Ã‚ ¾r ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾dium) Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ (5% ц¢ulfuriÑ , 8 tà Ã‚ ¾ 16 à Ã‚ ¾unÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/ g °llà Ã‚ ¾n Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ)  °nd  °mmà Ã‚ ¾nium Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ. In à Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ h Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ, thà Ã‚ µ miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h b °th iц¢ fà Ã‚ ¾llà Ã‚ ¾wà Ã‚ µd by  ° ц¢ulfuriÑ   °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id diÑâ‚ ¬, whiÑ h ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µrvà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ tà Ã‚ ¾ rà Ã‚ µmà Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µ  °ny rà Ã‚ µm °ining à Ã‚ ¾xidizà Ã‚ µr. à Ã‚ bà Ã‚ ¾ut 40 miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾inÑ hà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr  °rà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ hà Ã‚ µd fà Ã‚ ¾r thà Ã‚ µ m °king hà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nduÑ tivà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢. B °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd à Ã‚ ¾n  ° 3-4 à Ã‚ ¾unÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñ Ã‚ °rrying Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ity,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rà Ã‚ ¾xim °tà Ã‚ µly 0.0183 g °llà Ã‚ ¾nц¢ à Ã‚ ¾f miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h  °rà Ã‚ µ uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr ц¢qu °rà Ã‚ µ fà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾t à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾duÑ t run. Thiц¢ figurà Ã‚ µ dà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ nà Ã‚ ¾t inÑ ludà Ã‚ µ  °ny ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾lutià Ã‚ ¾n th °t m °y bà Ã‚ µ dr °ggà Ã‚ µd à Ã‚ ¾ut whà Ã‚ µn thà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà Ã‚ µlц¢  °rà Ã‚ µ mà Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µd tà Ã‚ ¾ thà Ã‚ µ nà Ã‚ µxt t °nk. Thà Ã‚ µ ц¢ulfuriÑ -Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ  °ltà Ã‚ µrn °tivà Ã‚ µ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mà Ã‚ µ  °ttr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tivà Ã‚ µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà Ã‚ µ trà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °tmà Ã‚ µnt  °nd Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrfà Ã‚ ¾rm °nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ fà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °turà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (Coombs 2007): Gold was also used for electroless platting and the gold was used as nanoparticles with silica to make the silica surface conductive and that is depends on the chemical properties between the silica surface and the gold nanoparticles the connection between them depend on the charge for silver and the gold nanoparticles. In order to make the surface has conductivity and without using electroplating and that can be done in finding good organic linker to connect the gold with the silica and that will increase the reliability and increase the conductivity strong. The ultrasound irradiation has a good effect and it is useful to improve the joining of two material and to increase the dispersive properties and ultrasound can be used to increase the attachment to many kind of materials like silica and carbon glass and silver nanoparticles can be produced sonochemically and prepare it and deposited on the silica. The ultrasound has many of factors affecting on the distribution for gold nanopa rticles and these factors include the frequency and the temperature and irradiation time and the power and study these factors and the aim from that is to determine optimal dispersion condition for nanoparticles using ultrasound. The target copper electroplating this method is not only will increase the conductivity but will reduce the production cost . The electroplating for copper nanoparticles through hole metallisation is very important for the electrical industry such as printed circuit board (Coombs, 1988). à Ã‚ n  °nti-t °rniц¢h b °th iц¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾n  °ftà Ã‚ µr dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià Ã‚ ¾n. Virtu °lly  °ll ц¢hà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬urÑ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  ° ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µrià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià Ã‚ µt °ry Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiц¢trià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ frà Ã‚ ¾m  ° ц¢inglà Ã‚ µ và Ã‚ µndà Ã‚ ¾r th °t  °rà Ã‚ µ uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ ingrà Ã‚ µdià Ã‚ µntц¢ fà Ã‚ ¾r thà Ã‚ µ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µvà Ã‚ µr °l Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ b °thц¢ in thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà Ã‚ µ The metallization for PCB can be done by electroplating and electroless plating or electrolytic plating. Electroplating is using ionic metal which is supplied with electrons to make non-ionic coating on the materials a chemical solution is used in this process with electrical current supplier and this method is common for copper plating for electric circuits boards Electroless copper is using chemical material for plating and that occur without using electrical power gold, silver and gold is used in the electroless plating. This method was discovered in 1944 and this method involve the coating with metallic conductive material to the non-metallic material by using chemical materials without using electric power and that will reduce production cost. Electroplating was used for non-metallic material such as plastics (Epoxy) which are used in the printed circuits boards Dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢mà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °r Desmear is the process which is used to remove smeared epoxy-resin and this process involves three steps (Solvent swell, Permanganate and nutulaizer) and that is important to ensure electrical conductivity for the layer after deposition process. Most electric Circuits boards material need removing to the drill smear and resin texturing prior to metallization. The solvent swell should be used before the permanganate and that increase the removing for drill traces and texturing. Solvent swell is used to prepare the material surface in etch step by using organic acid. Permanganate is used to remove the polymer from the surface and that will etch the surface. Neutulizer is using hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid to remove the smear left on the material surface after using permanganate and solvent swell. à Ã‚ ¡hà Ã‚ µmiц¢try à Ã‚ ¾f Dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢mà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °r à Ã‚  l °ting Desmear process includs chemical reaction which are oxidation reactions by using alkaline permanganate ( Potassium or sodium) and this step called solvent swell. Alkaline permanganate is highly oxidizing medium. In the oxidation process for permanganate the permanganate reduced to manganate and manganate and then react with water to produce insoluble manganese dioxide in the reaction below: (Deckert, 1984) MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e- → MnO2 + 4OH- In the neutralization process includes removing the surface to ensure that all manganese dioxide are removed from the board surface and through holes. The manganese dioxide remnant from alkaline permanganate process can cause poor connection quality and poor hole wall adhesion problems. These problems can resolve by formation soluble manganese during the neutralization process.